STS 211/2019 no hace un cambio de circunstancias para modificar las medidas

TRIBUNAL  SUPREMO

Sala de lo Civil

Sentencia núm. 211/2019

Fecha de sentencia: 05/04/2019

Tipo de procedimiento: CASACIÓN

Número del procedimiento: 2732/2018

Fallo/Acuerdo:

Fecha de Votación y Fallo: 20/03/2019

Ponente: Excmo. Sr. D. Eduardo Baena Ruiz

Procedencia: Audiencia Provincial de Granada, sección 5.ª

Letrado de la Administración de Justicia: Ilmo. Sr. D. José María Llorente García

Transcrito por: ezp

Nota:

CASACIÓN núm.: 2732/2018

Ponente: Excmo. Sr. D. Eduardo Baena Ruiz

Letrado de la Administración de Justicia: Ilmo. Sr. D. José María Llorente García

TRIBUNAL SUPREMO

Sala de lo Civil

Sentencia núm. 211/2019

Excmos. Sres. y Excma. Sra.

D. Francisco Marin Castan, presidente

D. Francisco Javier Arroyo Fiestas

D. Eduardo Baena Ruiz

D.ª M.ª Angeles Parra Lucan

En Madrid, a 5 de abril de 2019.

Esta sala ha visto el recurso de casación interpuesto por D. Mateo , representado por la procuradora del turno de oficio D.ª María del Mar Serrano Moreno bajo la dirección letrada de D. José Luis Ramos Muñoz, contra la sentencia n.º 123 dictada en fecha 6 de abril de 2018 por la sección 5.ª de la Audiencia Provincial de Granada en el recurso de apelación n.º 451/2017 dimanante de las actuaciones sobre modificación de medidas n.º 759/2016 del Juzgado de Primera Instancia n.º 2 de DIRECCION000 . Ha sido parte recurrida D.ª Celsa , representada por procurador del turno de oficio D. Miguel Ángel Tejedor Bachiller y bajo la dirección letrada de D.ª María Celestina Ortega Pérez.

Ha sido parte el Ministerio Fiscal.

Ha sido ponente el Excmo. Sr. D. Eduardo Baena Ruiz.

ANTECEDENTES DE HECHO

PRIMERO

Tramitación en primera instancia

1. - D. Mateo interpuso demanda de modificación de medidas definitivas contra D.ª Celsa en la que solicita se dicte sentencia:
   "[...] por la que se acuerde la modificación de las medidas que se establecieron en la sentencia de fecha 09/07/2010, sustituyéndolas por las siguientes medidas;
   "a) Atribución de la guarda y custodia de la menor Dulce a su padre don Mateo .
   "b) Fijación a favor de la madre de un régimen de visitas consistente en fines de semana alternos desde las 12:00 horas de la mañana hasta las 19:00 horas de la tarde del domingo.
   "c) Se fija como pensión de alimentos a favor de la menor Dulce y a satisfacer por su madre doña Celsa , la cantidad de 100 euros mensuales, los que deberán ser ingresados dentro de los cinco primeros días de cada mes en la cuenta que designe el padre. La pensión se actualizará anualmente a primeros de cada año conforme las variaciones que experimente el IPC.
   "Todo ello con expresa condena en costas a la demandada".
2. - La demanda fue presentada el 6 de octubre de 2016 y repartida al Juzgado de Primera Instancia e Instrucción n.º 2 de DIRECCION000 y fue registrada con el n.º 759/2016. Una vez fue admitida a trámite, se procedió al emplazamiento de la parte demandada.
3. - D.ª Celsa contestó a la demanda mediante escrito en el que solicitaba dictar sentencia:
   "[...] por la que, con desestimación íntegra de la demanda, se absuelva libremente a la demandada de cuantos concretos pedimentos se le dirigen, manteniendo íntegramente las medidas acordadas en sentencia sobre guarda, custodia y alimentos tras ruptura de pareja de hecho dictada por ese Juzgado el día 9 de julio de 2010, con expresa condena en costas a la contraparte".
4. - El Ministerio Fiscal también contestó a la demanda oponiéndose a la misma.
5. - Tras seguirse los trámites correspondientes, el/la Juez del Juzgado de Primera Instancia e Instrucción n.º 2 de DIRECCION000 dictó sentencia de fecha 16 de mayo de 2017, con el siguiente fallo:
   "Que debo ESTIMAR la pretensión de modificación de medidas definitivas acordadas en el procedimiento de medidas sobre uniones de hecho interpuesta por el procurador D. José Manuel Ramos Rodríguez en representación de D. Mateo contra D.ª Celsa acordándose las siguientes medidas:
   "1.º- Patria potestad compartida.
   "2.º- Guarda y custodia a favor del padre D. Mateo .
   "3.º- Régimen de visitas y comunicaciones a favor de la madre, consistente en:
   "Fines de semana alternos, desde la tarde de los viernes a la salida del colegio/instituto hasta el domingo a las 20,30 horas, que serán entregados en el domicilio del progenitor no custodio, debiendo ser el padre o su entorno familiar quién realice el traslado de la menor.
   "Una tarde intersemanal, desde la salida escolar hasta las 20,30 horas, que serán entregados en el domicilio del progenitor custodio. El día de la semana será el elegido por la madre, en atención a su disponibilidad laboral y comunicándolo en todo caso como mínimo con una semana de antelación. A falta de elección se entenderá que se realizará los miércoles. Debiendo ser el padre o su entorno familiar quién realice el traslado de la menor.
   "Además, cuando exista una festividad inmediatamente anterior o posterior al fin de semana o unida a este por un puente reconocido por la institución donde curse sus estudios, se considerará agregado al fin de semana y en consecuencia corresponderá su disfrute el progenitor al que corresponda el fin de semana.
   "En cuanto a las vacaciones; los progenitores podrán establecer un régimen de vacaciones específico previo al comienzo de cada periodo, que deberá ser firmado por ambos, y que no suponga desigualdad en cuanto al número de días de estancia con el menor, y en caso de desacuerdo o ausencia de acuerdo expreso, firmado y previo, se establece el siguiente régimen:
   "En Navidad la madre podrá tener a la menor en su compañía en los años pares desde el día 22 de diciembre a las 18:00 horas (aun cuando el 23 fuera día de clase, en cuyo caso ese día el padre se encargará de llevar y traer a los hijos del colegio) hasta el 29 de diciembre a las 18:00 horas, y el resto, incluido el día de Reyes, hasta las clases tras este día estarán con la madre. Los años impares la madre podrá tener a los hijos en su compañía desde el 29 de diciembre a las 18:00 horas y los reintegrará el día de Reyes a las 20:30 horas sí al día siguiente hubiera colegio, y si no, los entregará a esa misma hora el día anterior al primer día de colegio siguiente al de Reyes.
   "Las vacaciones de Semana Santa se dividirán en dos períodos: el primero desde el Viernes de Dolores a las 18:00 horas hasta el Miércoles Santo a las 18:00 horas y otra mitad desde el Miércoles Santo a las 18:00 horas hasta el Domingo de Resurrección a las 18:00 horas.
   "En cuanto a las vacaciones del verano, cada uno de los progenitores tendrá consigo a los menores un mes completo, julio o agosto. Eligiendo en los años pares la madre y en los años impares el padre. La recogida se realizará el día 1 de julio o el día 1 de agosto a las 10:00 horas, y reintegrarlo al mismo a las 20:00 horas del último día del mes.
   "Durante los periodos vacacionales no se interrumpen las estancias de fines de semana, las cuales corresponderán en los mismos términos expresados al otro progenitor que no esté con los menores.
   "El progenitor no custodio podrá comunicar telefónicamente con los menores en los períodos que acuerden las partes y a falta de acuerdo todos los días a las 20,00 horas.
   "4.º- Se fija como pensión alimenticia la cantidad mensual de OCHENTA EUROS (80 euros), que deberá ingresar D.ª Celsa dentro de los cinco primeros días de cada mes en la cuenta corriente o libreta de ahorro que el cónyuge designe ante este Juzgado. Dicha cantidad se incrementará o disminuirá conforme a las variaciones del Índice General de Precios al Consumo (I.P.C.), actualizándose anualmente de forma automática. Los gastos extraordinarios que genere el menor tales como médicos no cubiertos por la Seguridad Social, profesores de apoyo y similares serán abonados por mitad entre los padres previa comunicación.
   "Tal pensión de alimentos es fijada tanto en atención a las necesidades de la menor así como a la capacidad económica de ambos progenitores, especialmente del alimentante. Y es que los menores, con las carencias que ha manifestado el padre, se encuentran bien asistidos, cubriendo sus necesidades básicas, y por otro lado la madre no tiene un trabajo fijo, sino que como ha manifestado se encuentra viviendo con sus padres y con una enfermedad, lo que hace difícil su inserción laboral.
   "Se apercibe a las partes de que el incumplimiento del régimen de visitas y estancia fijado podrá dar lugar a la imposición de multa coercitiva o modificación del régimen de guarda y visitas conforme a lo previsto en el artículo 776 LEC .
   "Sin expresa condena en costas".

SEGUNDO

Tramitación en segunda instancia

1. - La sentencia de primera instancia fue recurrida en apelación por la representación de D. Mateo .
2. - La resolución de este recurso correspondió a la sección 5.ª de la Audiencia Provincial de Granada, que lo tramitó con el número de rollo 451/2017 y tras seguir los correspondientes trámites dictó sentencia en fecha 6 de abril de 2018 , con el siguiente fallo:

"Se revoca la sentencia de cuyo recurso conocemos. No ha lugar a efectuar modificación de medidas. Se mantiene la sentencia de nueve de julio de dos mil diez".

TERCERO

.- Interposición y tramitación del recurso de casación

1. - D. Mateo interpuso recurso de casación cuyo motivo de casación fue el siguiente:
   "Dispone la sentencia citada de fecha 12 de abril de 2016, fundamento de derecho quinto, sentando doctrina jurisprudencial posteriormente seguida por otras sentencias de esta alto Tribunal que, "A la vista de la doctrina jurisprudencial mencionada debemos declarar que el art. 90.3 del C. Civil , en su última redacción establece que:
   "3. Las medidas que el Juez adopte en defecto de acuerdo a las convenidas por los cónyuges judicialmente, podrán ser modificadas judicialmente o por nuevo convenio aprobado por el Juez, cuando así lo aconsejen las nuevas necesidades de los hijos o el cambio de las circunstancias de los cónyuges. Las medidas que hubieran sido convenidas ante el Secretario Judicial o en escritura pública podrán ser modificadas por un nuevo acuerdo, sujeto a los mismos requisitos exigidos en este Código.
   "Esta redacción viene a recoger la postura jurisprudencial que daba preeminencia al interés del menor en el análisis de las cuestiones relativas a su protección, guarda y custodia, considerando que las nuevas necesidades de los hijos no tendrán que sustentarse en un cambio sustancial, pero si cierto.
   "En el presente supuesto se dan las siguientes circunstancias que aconsejan la estimación del recurso, en interés del menor, al apreciarse un cambio significativo de las circunstancias que se tuvieron en cuanta cuando se adoptó el anterior sistema de custodia...
   "3.- El menor tenía cinco años y en la actualidad doce años...
   "4.- El informe de la psicóloga del Juzgado aconseja el sistema de custodia compartida"".
2. - Las actuaciones fueron remitidas por la Audiencia Provincial a esta sala, y las partes fueron emplazadas para comparecer ante ella. Una vez recibidas las actuaciones en esta sala y personadas ante la misma las partes por medio de los procuradores mencionados en el encabezamiento, se dictó auto de fecha 14 de noviembre de 2018, cuya parte dispositiva es como sigue:
   "Admitir el recurso de casación interpuesto por don Mateo contra la sentencia dictada con fecha de 6 de abril de 2018 por la Audiencia Provincial de Granada (sección 5.ª), en el rollo de apelación n.º 451/2017 , dimanante del juicio de modificación de medidas n.º 759/2016 del Juzgado de Primera Instancia n.º 2 de DIRECCION000 ".
3. - Se dio traslado a la parte recurrida y al Ministerio Fiscal para que formalizaran su oposición al recurso de casación, lo que hicieron mediante la presentación de los correspondientes escritos.
4. - Por providencia de 11 de febrero de 2019 se nombró ponente al que lo es en este trámite y se acordó resolver los recursos sin celebración de vista, señalándose para votación y fallo el 20 de marzo de 2019, en que ha tenido lugar.

FUNDAMENTOS DE DERECHO

PRIMERO

Resumen de antecedentes.

1. - Acciones ejercitadas y sentencia de Primera instancia.
   El presente recurso trae causa de la demanda de juicio de modificación de medidas promovida por el padre en el que se interesaba, sustancialmente, la atribución al mismo de la guarda y custodia de la hija menor (nacida el NUM000 de 2008), con establecimiento de una pensión alimenticia con cargo a la madre.
   Formulada oposición por la madre, en su informe el Ministerio Fiscal interesó la adopción del cambio de la guarda y custodia solicitada, con el establecimiento de una pensión alimenticia con cargo a la madre.
   En la causa consta la existencia de informe psico-social en el que se concluye la gran disposición del padre y de la abuela paterna para hacerse cargo de la menor, pudiendo atender a sus necesidades básicas, circunstancias que no concurren en la persona de la madre.
   En la sentencia de primera instancia, finalmente, se estima la demanda de modificación de medidas con adopción del cambio del régimen de guarda y custodia de la menor. Considera el juzgador de primera instancia que la continuación de la custodia de la madre resulta inviable, a causa de su enfermedad, y que el padre y su entorno familiar ofrecen una mejor atención a la menor.
2. - Sentencia de segunda instancia.
   Formulado recurso de apelación por la madre demandada, la Audiencia Provincial de Granada estima el recurso formulado. Entiende la sala de apelación que para la estimación de la pretensión ejercitada sería necesaria una "indispensable alteración sustancial de las circunstancias", y que "No apreciamos alteración sustancial de las circunstancias, a la vista de las fechas de los informes".
3. - Recurso de casación.
   Por el padre demandante se interpone recurso de casación, fundado en un único motivo por infracción del art. 90.3 CC , de acuerdo con su vigente redacción que determina que procede la modificación de medidas "cuando así lo aconsejen las nuevas necesidades de los hijos o el cambio de circunstancias de los cónyuges", en relación con el interés de la menor.
   Alega el recurrente que se ha producido en el supuesto de autos una modificación de circunstancias que justificaría el cambio de custodia atendiendo a la existencia de un "cambio cierto" en relación o con el interés de la menor, de acuerdo con el sentido de informe psicosocial unido a los autos. Alega la recurrente que el citado informe se elaboró a instancia de los Servicios Sociales, tras requerimiento efectuado por el colegio donde la menor cursa estudio de cuarto de primaria.
   En este sentido, cita la parte la STS de 24 de mayo de 2016 , por la que: "debemos declarar que el art. 90.3 del C. Civil , en su última redacción establece que:
   "3. Las medidas que el Juez adopte en defecto de acuerdo o las convenidas por los cónyuges judicialmente, podrán ser modificadas judicialmente o por nuevo convenio aprobado por el Juez, cuando así lo aconsejen las nuevas necesidades de los hijos o el cambio de las circunstancias de los cónyuges. Las medidas que hubieran sido convenidas ante el Secretario judicial o en escritura pública podrán ser modificadas por un nuevo acuerdo, sujeto a los mismos requisitos exigidos en este Código".
   "Esta redacción viene a recoger la postura jurisprudencial que daba preeminencia al interés del menor en el análisis de las cuestiones relativas a su protección, guarda y custodia, considerando que las nuevas necesidades de los hijos no tendrán que sustentarse en un cambio "sustancial", pero sí cierto."
4. - La sala dictó auto el 14 de noviembre de 2018 por el que acordó admitir el recurso de casación interpuesto y, tras el oportuno traslado, la parte recurrida presentó escrito de oposición al recurso.
5. - El Ministerio Fiscal solicita la estimación del recurso con cita de doctrina de la sala aplicable al caso enjuiciado.

SEGUNDO

Decisión de la sala

1. - La doctrina de la sala citada por la parte recurrente se reitera en la reciente sentencia 124/2019, de 26 de febrero , que, aunque para un supuesto de modificación de la guarda y custodia monoparental en compartida, es, en su esencia, aplicable a la modificación aquí pretendida:
   La sentencia 529/2017, de 27 de septiembre , recoge el cuerpo de doctrina de la sala sobre la cuestión que la parte recurrente somete a nuestra consideración, y de ahí el interés casacional del recurso.
   Afirma lo siguiente: Ante todo cabe decir que el art. 90.3 CC establece que:
   "3. Las medidas que el Juez adopte en defecto de acuerdo o las convenidas por los cónyuges judicialmente podrán ser modificadas por los cónyuges judicialmente o por nuevo convenio aprobado por el Juez, cuando así lo aconsejen las nuevas necesidades de los hijos o el cambio de las circunstancias de los cónyuges.".
   La transcrita redacción viene a recoger la postura jurisprudencial que daba preeminencia al interés del menor en el análisis de las cuestiones relativas a la protección, guarda y custodia, considerando que las nuevas necesidades de los hijos no tendrán que sustentarse en un cambio "sustancial", pero si cierto. ( STS 346/2016, de 24 de mayo ).
   Es por ello que: "Esta sala no ha negado que pueda acordarse la guarda y custodia compartida por cambio de circunstancias, incluso habiendo precedido convenio regulador de los progenitores sobre la guarda y custodia de los hijos, pero siempre por causas justificadas y serias, motivadas por el tiempo transcurrido desde que el convenio se llevó a cabo. Así se decidió en la sentencia de 17 de noviembre de 2015, rec. 1889/2014 , que declara, partiendo del interés del menor, que se ha producido el cambio de circunstancias porque: (i) la menor tenía dos años cuando se pactó el convenio regulador, y en la actualidad tenía 10 años; (ii) los propios progenitores habrían flexibilizado en ese tiempo el sistema inicialmente pactado. También se decide en ese sentido en la sentencia de 26 de junio de 2015, rec. 469/2014 , que valora que "en el tiempo en que aquél se firmó era un régimen de custodia ciertamente incierto, como ha quedado demostrado con la evolución de la doctrina de esta sala y de la propia sociedad". Añade que no se puede petrificar la situación de la menor desde el momento del pacto, sin atender a los cambios que desde entonces se han producido. Atendiendo a los cambios que el tiempo ha provocado y al interés de la menor se accede a la solicitud de guarda y custodia compartida, modificando lo acordado en su día en el convenio regulador sobre tal medida.". ( sentencia 162/2016, de 16 de marzo ).
   El transcurso del tiempo y la adaptación del menor a la custodia monoparental, no puede servir de argumento para negar su transformación en custodia compartida.
2. - Por tanto, no es preciso que el cambio de circunstancias sea sustancial sino que sea cierto e instrumentalmente dirigido al interés del menor.
3. - Basta con la lectura de la sentencia recurrida para apreciar que se desliga totalmente del interés de la menor, sin analizar el informe emitido por el equipo psico-social, como sí lleva a cabo la sentencia de primera instancia.
   Este informe, minucioso y detallado, fruto de una metodología concienzuda se detiene en la enfermedad de su madre de naturaleza psíquica así como en la de la abuela materna, también psíquica aunque de menor entidad, así como en el rol del abuelo paterno.
   A continuación analiza la figura del padre y de su entorno, destacando la figura de la abuela paterna.
   Tras este estudio concluye en los términos que recoge la sentencia de primera instancia, en la que no se hace un reproche peyorativo de la madre, sino que el acento se pone en la enfermedad que padece, proyectada al interés de la menor.
   Por todo ello, el motivo ha de estimarse.

TERCERO

De conformidad con lo dispuesto en los artículos 394.1 y 398.1 de la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil , no se impone a la parte recurrente las costas del recurso.

F A L L O

Por todo lo expuesto, en nombre del Rey y por la autoridad que le confiere la Constitución, esta sala ha decidido

1. - Estimar el recurso de casación interpuesto por D. Mateo , representado por la procuradora del turno de oficio D.ª María del Mar Serrano Moreno, contra la sentencia n.º 123 dictada en fecha 6 de abril de 2018 por la sección 5.ª de la Audiencia Provincial de Granada en el recurso de apelación n.º 451/2017 dimanante de las actuaciones sobre modificación de medidas n.º 759/2016 del Juzgado de Primera Instancia n.º 2 de DIRECCION000 .
2. - Casar la sentencia recurrida y, con desestimación del recurso de apelación, confirmar la sentencia dictada por el Juzgado de Primera Instancia, cuya firmeza se declara.
3. - No se imponen a la parte recurrente las costas del recurso.

Notifíquese esta resolución a las partes e insértese en la colección legislativa.

Así se acuerda y firma.

STS 637/2019 de 15 de noviembre de 2019 Existe una doctrina sobre custodia compartida que no se puede obviar

Roj: STS 3855/2019 - ECLI: ES:TS:2019:3855

Id Cendoj: 28079110012019100624

Órgano: Tribunal Supremo. Sala de lo Civil

Sede: Madrid

Sección: 1

Fecha: 25/11/2019

N° de Recurso: 739/2019

N° de Resolución: 637/2019

Procedimiento: Recurso de casación

Ponente: ANTONIO SALAS CARCELLER

Tipo de Resolución: Sentencia

T R I B U N A L    S U P R E M O

Sala de lo Civil

Sentencia núm. 637/2019

Fecha de sentencia: 25/11/2019

Tipo de procedimiento: CASACIÓN

Número del procedimiento: 739/2019

Fallo/Acuerdo:

Fecha de Votación y Fallo: 19/11/2019

Ponente: Excmo. Sr. D. Antonio Salas Carceller

Procedencia: Audiencia Provincial de Madrid

Letrada de la Administración de Justicia: Ilma. Sra. Dña. María Angeles Bartolomé Pardo

Transcrito por: MHS

Nota:

CASACIÓN núm.: 739/2019

Ponente: Excmo. Sr. D. Antonio Salas Carceller

Letrada de la Administración de Justicia: Ilma. Sra. Dña. María Angeles Bartolomé Pardo

TRIBUNAL SUPREMO

Sala de lo Civil

Sentencia núm. 637/2019

Excmos. Sres. y Excma. Sra.

D. Antonio Salas Carceller

D. Francisco Javier Arroyo Fiestas

D. Jose Luis Seoane Spiegelberg

En Madrid, a 25 de noviembre de 2019.

Esta sala ha visto el recurso de casación contra la sentencia dictada en grado de Apelación por la sección 24.ª de la Audiencia Provincial de Madrid, como consecuencia de autos sobre Modificación de Medidas n.° 219/2017, seguidos ante el Juzgado de Primera Instancia n.° 28 de Madrid; cuyo recurso fue interpuesto ante la mencionada Audiencia por la representación procesal de don Epifanio , representado ante esta sala por

el procurador de los Tribunales don José Manuel Fernández Castro; siendo parte recurrida doña Mariana , representada por la Procuradora de los Tribunales doña Lucía Gloria Sánchez Nieto. Ha sido parte el Ministerio Fiscal.

Ha sido ponente el Excmo. Sr. D. Antonio Salas Carceller.

ANTECEDENTES DE HECHO

PRIMERO.- 1.- La representación procesal de don Epifanio , interpuso demanda de modificación de medidas definitivas contra doña Mariana , alegando los hechos y fundamentos de derecho que consideró de aplicación, terminó suplicando al Juzgado se dictara:

"...Sentencia por la que se sirva modificar dicho régimen en la siguiente forma:

"1°.- Establecer la guarda y custodia compartida, que se ejercerá por semanas completas, desde el lunes a la salida del colegio hasta el lunes siguiente por la mañana que se dejará a las menores en éste.

"2°.- Con carácter subsidiario, se modifique el régimen de visitas, estableciéndose por semanas alternas y completas, desde el lunes a la salida del colegio, hasta el lunes siguiente por la mañana que se dejará a las menores en éste.

"3°.- Que cada progenitor asuma, en ese periodo semanal, los gastos corrientes y diarios de las menores, siendo los extraordinarios al cincuenta por cien previa acreditación de su importe.

"4.- Que se mantengan el resto de las medidas recogidas en el convenio aprobado por la sentencia."

1.-2.- Admitida a trámite la demanda, la representación procesal de la demandada contestó a la misma, oponiendo a las pretensiones deducidas de adverso los hechos y fundamentos de derecho que tuvo por conveniente para concluir solicitando que dicte

"...sentencia en donde se desestime íntegramente la demanda, si bien, en interés de las menores se deberá adaptar el régimen de visitas y comunicaciones expresado en el numeral 2 del Fallo a los periodos de efectivo descanso laboral del progenitor no custodio, con expresa imposición de costas a la parte contraria por su mala fe."

1.-3.- El Ministerio Fiscal contestó asimismo la demanda.

1.-4.- Previos los trámites procesales correspondientes y práctica de la prueba propuesta por las partes y admitidas, la Ilma. Sra. Magistrado-Juez del Juzgado de Primera Instancia n.° 28 de Madrid, dictó sentencia con fecha 21 de septiembre de 2017, cuya parte dispositiva es como sigue:

"Que estimando la pretensión principal planteada por la Procuradora Sra. Vidal Bodi en representación de Don Epifanio contra Doña Mariana declaro haber lugar a la modificación de medidas interesada y en consecuencia formulo los siguientes pronunciamientos:

"1) La guarda y custodia de las hijas comunes será compartida por ambos progenitores por semanas alternas, de lunes a lunes a la salida del colegio salvo que fuere festivo en cuyo caso se iniciará el día siguiente, comenzando el padre.

"2) La patria potestad será compartida.

"El sistema de custodia establecido comenzará el primer lunes que haya inmediatamente después de la notificación de la Sentencia.

"3) Se mantiene el régimen de vacaciones fijado en Sentencia de fecha 3 de junio de 2014 que se concreta en el siguiente:

"Las Vacaciones escolares de verano, Navidad y Semana Santa se disfrutarán por mitad, eligiendo, en defecto de acuerdo, la madre en años pares y el padre en los impares. El progenitor al que corresponda la elección lo notificará al otro de forma fehaciente con sesenta días de antelación en las vacaciones de verano y con quince días en las restantes.

"Las vacaciones de verano se distribuirán por quincenas alternas, los meses de julio y agosto. El resto del período vacacional de verano, es decir desde el último día lectivo de junio hasta el día 30 de junio a las 20 horas, las menores estarán con el progenitor al que no le corresponda la primera quincena de julio, y el periodo desde el 31 de agosto a las 20 horas hasta las 20 horas del día anterior al inicio del curso escolar le corresponderá al progenitor con el que no estén la segunda quincena de agosto.

"El régimen de vacaciones viene marcado por el calendario escolar de la Comunidad de Madrid, y comprende desde el último día lectivo a la salida del centro escolar hasta las 20 horas del día anterior al inicio del trimestre o curso escolar.

"Durante las vacaciones se suspende el régimen de visitas reanudándose con la alternancia que corresponda.

"Las entregas y recogidas de las menores, cuando no se efectúen en el centro escolar, serán en el domicilio materno.

"4) Para atender otros gastos ordinarios que puedan producirse en relación a las menores (distintos a los de manutención que serán asumidos por el progenitor que en cada momento tenga la custodia), uno y otro progenitor viene obligado a ingresar mensualmente en una cuenta mancomunada que al efecto se aperture y dentro de los cinco primeros días de cada mes la cantidad de 150 euros por cada una de las hijas, actualizándose su importe anualmente de conformidad con las variaciones que experimente el I.P.C., publicado por el I,N.E.

"En todo caso los gastos extraordinarios que en relación a las menores puedan producirse serán costeados por mitad previa acreditación de su importe y necesidad.

"Se mantienen los restantes pronunciamientos fijados en Sentencia de fecha 3 de junio de 2014. "Sin costas."

SEGUNDO.- Contra dicha sentencia interpuso recurso de apelación la representación procesal de la demandada y, sustanciada la alzada, la sección 24.ª de la Audiencia Provincial de Madrid dictó sentencia con fecha 10 de octubre de 2018, cuyo Fallo es como sigue:

"Que estimando el recurso de apelación interpuesto por doña Mariana , representada por la Procuradora doña Lucía Gloria Sánchez Nieto; contra la sentencia de fecha 21 de septiembre de 2017; del Juzgado de Primera Instancia número 28 de Madrid; dictada en el proceso de Modificación de Medidas número 219/2017; seguido con don Epifanio , representado por la Procuradora doña María Teresa Vidal Bodi; debemos REVOCAR Y REVOCAMOS la expresada resolución en el sentido de ser lo procedente desestimar la demanda origen del presente proceso y se mantiene en todos sus pronunciamientos la de fecha 3 de junio de 2014; y sin que proceda hacer pronunciamiento de condena en costas en esta alzada a ninguno de los litigantes."

TERCERO.- El procurador don José Manuel Fernández de Castro, en nombre y representación de don Epifanio , interpuso recurso de casación por interés casacional fundado, como motivo único, en la infracción del artículo 92 CC, en relación con el artículo 3.1 de la Convención de Naciones Unidas sobre los derechos del Niño y el artículo 39 CE, junto con el artículo 2 de la Ley de Protección del Menor, con vulneración de la doctrina contenida en las sentencias de 10 de octubre de 2018, 25 de abril de 2018 y 13 de diciembre de 2017.

CUARTO.- Se dictó auto de fecha 26 de junio de 2019 por el que se acordó la admisión del recurso, así como dar traslado del mismo a la parte recurrida y al Ministerio Fiscal, habiéndose opuesto a su estimación dicha parte recurrida mientras que el Ministerio Fiscal se ha mostrado favorable a su estimación.

QUINTO.- No habiendo solicitado vista las partes, se señaló para votación y fallo el día 19 de noviembre de 2019, en que ha tenido lugar.

FUNDAMENTOS DE DERECHO

PRIMERO.- En fecha 10 de marzo de 2017, don Epifanio interpuso demanda de modificación de medidas frente a su anterior esposa, doña Bernarda , en relación con sus hijas menores Alejandra y Casilda , de 8 y 5 años de edad, solicitando la instauración del régimen de custodia compartida respecto de las mismas por semanas alternas, sustituyendo así al de custodia exclusiva de la madre inicialmente establecido en la sentencia de divorcio de fecha 3 de julio de 2014. Afirmaba que habían cambiado las circunstancias tenidas en cuenta en la anterior sentencia de divorcio, ya que la madre había trasladado su residencia a más de cuatro kilómetros de distancia, lo que obstaculiza el cumplimiento del régimen de visitas intersemanal y suponía un evidente perjuicio para las menores y pérdida de tiempo en los desplazamientos. La madre se opuso a dicha modificación.

Seguido el proceso por sus trámites, el Juzgado de Primera Instancia n.º 28 de Madrid dictó sentencia por la que acordó la instauración del régimen de custodia compartida por las siguientes razones: a) Si bien en la sentencia de divorcio se atribuye la guarda y custodia a la madre, también se establece un régimen amplio de visitas que consiste en fines de semana alternos, desde el jueves a la salida del colegio hasta el lunes, y las semanas en que al padre no le corresponda comunicar con la niñas, dos días entre semana con pernocta; por lo que dicho régimen -en cuanto al reparto de tiempos- se asemeja a una custodia compartida; b) Para la fijación del régimen inicial se, tuvo en cuenta la proximidad entre los domicilios de ambos progenitores, circunstancia que en el momento presente no concurre; c) Pese a que las conclusiones del informe elaborado por el Equipo Técnico recomiendan no hacer cambios, existiendo discrepancia en materia educativa y conflicto entre los progenitores, lo más recomendable es que se cambie el régimen de guarda y custodia materna y se pase a una guarda y custodia compartida por semanas alternas.

Recurrida la sentencia por la demandada doña Bernarda , la Audiencia Provincial de Madrid (Sección 24.ª) estimó el recurso y volvió a establecer el sistema de guarda y custodia exclusiva a favor de. la madre, con fundamento en que no había quedado acreditado que concurran hechos nuevos o circunstancias fácticas que impliquen un cambio sustancial con respecto a las anteriores que se tuvieron en cuenta a la hora de establecer la custodia para la madre.

Contra dicha sentencia ha interpuesto recurso de casación el demandante don Epifanio , apoyando dicho recurso el Ministerio Fiscal y oponiéndose a su estimación la recurrida doña Bernarda .

SEGUNDO.- El recurso de casación se interpone al amparo del ordinal 3.° del artículo 477.2 LEC, por interés casacional, alegando la infracción del artículo 92 CC, en relación con el artículo 3.1 de la Convención de Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos del Niño y el artículo 39 CE, junto con el artículo 2 de la Ley de Protección del Menor, así como por oposición a la doctrina de esta sala contenida en las sentencias de 10 de octubre de 2018, 25 de abril de 2018 y 13 de diciembre de 2017, que consagran el interés del menor como principio básico que determina la adopción de la guarda y custodia compartida de ambos progenitores.

Considera la parte recurrente que la sentencia dictada por la Audiencia Provincial de Madrid ha aplicado incorrectamente el principio de protección del interés del menor cuando modifica el sistema de custodia compartida acordado en primera instancia y mantiene el régimen impuesto en la sentencia de divorcio que atribuía la guarda y custodia a la madre.

El motivo ha de ser estimado en tanto que efectivamente la sentencia recurrida no ha tenido en cuenta el interés de las menores en el concreto momento en que se solicita la modificación de medidas, habiéndose limitado a constatar que no se aprecia cambio de circunstancias que pueda fundamentar dicha modificación desde la custodia exclusiva a la compartida por ambos progenitores.

Pues bien, el cambio de circunstancias queda manifiesto en tanto que la madre ha trasladado su residencia a más de cuatro kilómetros de distancia de donde anteriormente residía con las niñas, éstas tienen ya tres años más que en la fecha de la sentencia de divorcio e incluso, como pone de manifiesto la sentencia de primera instancia - remitiéndose al informe pericial- la figura de referencia de las menores es la abuela paterna.

Son circunstancias -no tenidas en cuenta por la sentencia recurrida- que invitan a considerar la conveniencia de un cambio de régimen hacia la custodia compartida, no apreciándose inconveniente alguno para su adopción teniendo en cuenta primordialmente el beneficio para las menores.

A este respecto, no sólo las sentencias citadas por la parte recurrente, sino también otras muchas dictadas con posterioridad, y que constituyen un cuerpo unitario de doctrina, abogan a favor de establecer el régimen de custodia compartida cuando no existan circunstancias que se opongan a ello.

En este sentido cabe citar la reciente sentencia núm. 2015/2019, de 5 de abril, que se pronuncia en los siguientes términos:

"La interpretación del artículo 92, 5, 6 y 7 CC debe estar fundada en el interés de los menores que van a quedar afectados por la medida que se deba tomar de guarda y custodia compartida , que se acordará cuando concurran alguno de los criterios reiterados por esta Sala y recogidos como doctrina jurisprudencial en la sentencia de 29 de abril de 2013 de la siguiente forma "debe estar fundada en el interés de los menores que van a quedar afectados por la medida que se deba tomar, que se acordará cuando concurran criterios tales como la práctica anterior de los progenitores en sus relaciones con el menor y sus aptitudes personales; los deseos manifestados por los menores competentes; el número de hijos; el cumplimiento por parte de los progenitores de sus deberes en relación con los hijos y el respeto mutuo en sus relaciones personales; el resultado de los informes exigidos legalmente, y, en definitiva, cualquier otro que permita a los menores una vida adecuada, aunque en la práctica pueda ser más compleja que la que se lleva a cabo cuando los progenitores conviven. Señalando que la redacción del artículo 92 no permite concluir que se trate de una medida excepcional, sino que al contrario, habrá de considerarse normal e incluso deseable, porque permite que sea efectivo el derecho que los hijos tienen a relacionarse con ambos progenitores, aun en situaciones de crisis, siempre que ello sea posible y en tanto en cuanto lo sea" ( STS 25 de abril 2014). "Como precisa la sentencia de 19 de julio de 2013: "se prima el interés del menor y este interés, que ni el artículo 92 del Código Civil ni el artículo 9 de la Ley Orgánica 1/1996, de 15 de enero, de Protección Jurídica del Menor, define ni determina, exige sin duda un compromiso mayor y una colaboración de sus progenitores tendente a que este tipo de situaciones se resuelvan en un marco de normalidad familiar que saque de la rutina una relación simplemente protocolaria del padre no custodio con sus hijos que, sin la expresa colaboración del otro, termine por desincentivarla tanto desde la relación del no custodio con sus hijos, como de estos con aquel". Lo que se pretende es aproximar este régimen al modelo de convivencia existente antes de la ruptura matrimonial y garantizar al tiempo a sus padres la posibilidad de seguir ejerciendo los derechos y obligaciones inherentes a la potestad o responsabilidad parental y de participar en igualdad de condiciones en el desarrollo y crecimiento de sus hijos, lo que parece también lo más beneficioso para ellos ( Sentencia 2 de julio de 2014), rec. 1937/2013".

En definitiva, por las razones expuestas en la sentencia de primera instancia, que se dan por reproducidas, se estima conveniente la instauración del sistema de custodia compartida respecto de las menores en la forma ya establecida por dicha sentencia, casando la sentencia recurrida en cuanto no se ha ajustado a la interpretación que del artículo 92 CC ha venido haciendo reiteradamente la jurisprudencia de esta sala en relación con el principio de defensa del interés del menor.

TERCERO.- Estimado el recurso de casación no procede condena en costas respecto de las causadas por el mismo y procede condenar a la demandada al pago de las causadas por su recurso de apelación, que debió ser desestimado ( artículos 394 y 398 LEC). Procede la devolución del depósito constituido para la interposición del recurso.

F A L L O

Por todo lo expuesto, en nombre del Rey y por la autoridad que le confiere la Constitución, esta sala ha decidido

1.0- Estimar el recurso de casación interpuesto por la representación procesal de don Epifanio contra la sentencia dictada por la Audiencia Provincial de Madrid (Sección 24.ª) en Rollo de Apelación n.º 1732/2017, con fecha 10 de octubre de 2018.

2.0- Casar la sentencia recurrida y confirmar la dictada en primera instancia.

3.0- Condenar a la demandada doña Mariana al pago de las costas causadas por su recurso de apelación.

4.0- No hacer especial declaración sobre costas causadas por el presente recurso, con devolución a la parte recurrente del depósito constituido para su interposición.

Líbrese al mencionado tribunal la certificación correspondiente, con devolución de los autos y del rollo de Sala

Notifíquese esta resolución a las partes e insértese en la colección legislativa.

Así se acuerda y firma.

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